Which of the following complications can arise from incorrect patient alignment and positioning?

The correct answer is pressure ulcers. Patients who are not properly aligned or positioned can experience prolonged pressure on certain areas of the body, particularly on bony prominences such as heels, sacrum, and elbows. This pressure can impede blood flow to the skin and underlying tissues, leading to ischemia and potential skin breakdown. Over time, without proper repositioning and care, these areas can develop into pressure ulcers, which are not only painful but can also become a source of infection.

In contrast, other conditions listed do not arise directly from improper positioning. Increased blood pressure may be influenced by various factors, including stress or underlying medical conditions, but is not typically a direct consequence of patient positioning. Osteoporosis is a chronic condition that affects bone density and strength over time, rather than being caused by patient positioning practices. Elevated temperature usually relates to infection or inflammation, rather than the effects of how a patient is positioned. Thus, pressure ulcers are the primary concern associated with incorrect patient alignment and positioning.